…bronchodilator medications. Female gender was an independent risk factor across all groups (Busch 2016). Further large prospective studies would seem to be required to clarify the relationships between GORD, its…
…adverse respiratory outcomes and mortality. A careful, individualised approach needs to be taken when administering opioids to older adults with COPD, given the potential for adverse respiratory outcomes (Vozoris 2016)….
…to case finding including mailed screening questionnaires before spirometry was found to be a cost-effective way to identify undiagnosed patients and had the potential to improve their health (Jordan 2016)….
…seen for current smokers. Similar relationships were obtained for measures of airflow limitation. Mechanisms have been further explored (Stone 2016) in a randomised crossover trial of combination ICS/LABA (fluticasone furoate/vilanterol)…
…for dyspnoea, SGRQ or CAT scores (Feldman 2016) [evidence level II]. Adverse effects of LAMAs include dry mouth, constipation and urinary retention (Halpin 2015). A safety study showed similar rates…
…(Calverley 2010). Cardiac safety of LABAs is less clear when used inappropriately (e.g. overdosing) or in patients with COPD and substantial cardiovascular disease, prolonged QTc interval, or polypharmacy (Lahousse 2016)….
…blood gas) samples in 234 patients admitted to hospital with a doctor diagnosed exacerbation of COPD (McKeever 2016). A VBG pH ≤7.34 gave a sensitivity of 88.9% and specificity of…
…Test (CAT) scores (Feldman 2016) [evidence level II]. Adverse effects of LAMAs include dry mouth, constipation and urinary retention (Halpin 2015). A safety study showed similar rates of death and…
…highest tertiles, respectively. High sensitivity troponin (hs-Tn) levels have now been associated with increased mortality in prospective cohort studies in stable COPD (Neukamm 2016, Waschki 2019) [evidence level III-2]. In…
…(Fraser 2016, Biselli 2017, McKinstry 2018, 2019). A randomised trial by Rea et al (2010) found that NHF for up to 2 hours daily reduced annual exacerbation days and days…