…and a comprehensive pharmaceutical care program significantly improved medication adherence, improved quality of life, decreased severe exacerbation and hospitalisation rate, and higher quit rates (Xin 2016). Such interventions have not…
…safety and efficacy of e-cigarettes is still emerging (Hartmann-Boyce 2016). Until long-term safety and efficacy is established, e-cigarettes cannot be recommended as a harm minimisation strategy among smokers with, or…
…been reported (Ries 2007, Bolton 2013) [evidence level II]. Exercise training may confer a significant but small increase in physical activity (Mantoani 2016) [evidence level I]. Recommendations for exercise training…
…(Watz 2016). Bafadhel et al used negative binomial regression analysis using splines to examine data from RCTs of budesonide/formoterol in patients with COPD, a history of exacerbations and available eosinophil…
…They may have other subtle abnormalities of lung function (Elbehairy 2016). Smokers are also at risk of developing lung cancer, and cardiovascular disease such as ischaemic heart disease and peripheral…
…2016). In a 2017 meta-analysis that included eight longitudinal observation studies, patients with COPD had a significantly increased stroke risk compared to controls (HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.42)…