…with COPD is thought to be due to the disrupted coordination of the exhale-swallow-exhale respiratory cycle during swallowing, cricopharyngeal muscle dysfunction, and changes in lung volume (Gross 2009, Zheng 2016)….
…2012, Papaioannou 2016). Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor. CPFE occurs predominantly in males (up to 9:1 male:female ratio). In non-smokers, CPFE has been described in people with occupational…
…screening of asymptomatic adults was not recommended (Guirguis-Blake 2016, U. S. Preventive Services Task Force 2016). A targeted systematic review commissioned by the USPSTF to update the evidence on the…
…due to factors such as the energy costs of breathing, the metabolic costs of respiratory tract infections increased nutrient-induced thermogenesis and catabolic effects of systemic inflammation (Sridhar 2006, Akner 2016)….
…implementation (Bolton 2011). A systematic review (Gregersen 2016) examined the effects of telehealth on quality of life in COPD. Of 18 suitable studies found, only three demonstrated significant improvements in…